Transputer Development System

First published 1988 by
Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd
ISBN-10: 0-13-928995-X; INMOS document number: 72-TRN-011-00
509 Pages

Preface

This manual describes the Transputer Development System, an integrated programming environment developed by INMOS to support the programming of transputer networks in occam. The Transputer Development System comprises an integrated editor, file manager, compiler and debugging system.

The Transputer Development System runs on a transputer board; for example it runs on an INMOS IMS B004 board containing an IMS T414 32-bit processor and 2 MBytes of memory. This board is installed inside an IBM PC/AT or similar computer, which provides a means of interfacing keyboard, screen and disks to the transputer.

The Transputer Development System allows occam programs to be written, compiled and then run from within the development system. Programs may also be configured to run on a target network of transputers; these may range from a single transputer on an evaluation board to networks of several hundred transputers. The code for a transputer network may be loaded directly from the Transputer Development System, through a link connecting the Transputer Development System transputer to the target network. Programs may also be placed into a file separate from the Transputer Development System, or into a ROM (Read-Only Memory), and used to load a network.

A post-mortem debugger allows programs running in the Transputer Development System environment or on a transputer network to be examined after they have been interrupted or have stopped as a result of an error. The line of source corresponding to a program error on one of the processors can be displayed, and the values of variables may be examined. The state of other currently active processes on this processor, and on other processors in the network, can also be examined.

The Transputer Development System software includes the interactive programming environment, the compilation utilities and other programming tools, a number of libraries to support program development (such as mathematical functions and I/O libraries), and an extensive set of examples in source form.

This manual is divided into two major parts: the User Guide, which introduces the system and takes the reader through the steps needed to write, compile and run programs, and the Reference Manual, which contains detailed reference information on the editor, utilities, tools, libraries and system interfaces.

The instructions on installing the software and a detailed list of the components of the release are contained in a separate Delivery manual, supplied with the software.

This manual corresponds to the MS D700D (IBM PC) and IMS D800D (NEC PC) releases of the Transputer Development System.

Contents

	Contents overview
        Preface 

1	How to use the manual
	1.1	Introduction
	1.2	User guide
	1.3	Reference manual
	1.4	Appendices

2	Introduction
	2.1	Overview
			Transputers and occam
	2.2	System design rationale
		2.2.1	Programming
		2.2.2	Hardware
		2.2.3	Programmable components
	2.3	occam model
	2.4	Program development
		2.4.1	Logical behaviour
		2.4.2	Performance measurement
		2.4.3	The transputer development system

The user guide

3	Directories

4	The editing environment
	4.1	Introduction
		4.1.1	Folding
		4.1.2	Files as folds
	4.2	Starting and finishing the system for the first time
		4.2.1	Starting the system
		4.2.2	The TDS2 command
		4.2.3	Problems starting the system
		4.2.4	Keyboard layout
		4.2.5	Repainting the screen
		4.2.6	Ending the session
		4.2.7	Interrupting and rebooting the TDS
		4.2.8	Suspending the TDS
	4.3	Tutorial file
	4.4	The editor interface
		4.4.1	Editor's view of a document
		4.4.2	The screen display
		4.4.3	Line types
	4.5	Editor functions
		4.5.1	Overview of editor functions
		4.5.2	Editor modes
		4.5.3	Moving the cursor
		4.5.4	Scrolling the screen
		4.5.5	Fold browsing operations
			Opening and closing folds
			Fold information
			Browsing mode
		4.5.6	Inserting and deleting characters
			Insertion 
			Deletion 
		4.5.7	Fold creation and removal
		4.5.8	Filed folds
			Storage of files in memory
			File extensions
			Writing back files
		4.5.9	Deleting lines
		4.5.10	Moving and copying lines
		4.5.11	Defining a keystroke macro
	4.6	Utilities and programs
		4.6.1	The toolkit fold
		4.6.2	Loading utilities and programs
		4.6.3	Loading code from the toolkit fold
		4.6.4	Running a utility
		4.6.5	Supplying parameters to utilities
		4.6.6	When a utility finishes
		4.6.7	Running executable programs
	4.7	File handling utilities
	4.8	Searching and replacing
	4.9	Listing programs
		4.9.1	The lister and unlister programs
	4.10	Transferring TDS files between computers

5	Compiling and linking occam programs
	5.1	Introduction
	5.2	The compiler utility set
	5.3	Preparing a program for compilation
		5.3.1	Creating a compilation fold
		5.3.2	Comment folds
	5.4	Using the compiler utilities
		5.4.1	Checking occam programs
		5.4.2	Compiling occam programs
		5.4.3	Linking occam programs
	5.5	Compiling a simple example program
		5.5.1	Getting the compiler utilities
		5.5.2	Making an EXE fold
		5.5.3	Checking and compiling the example program
		5.5.4	Running the example program
		5.5.5	Compilation information
	5.6	Separate compilation and libraries
		5.6.1	Separate compilation
		5.6.2	Libraries
		5.6.3	Compiling and linking large programs
		5.6.4	Changing and recompiling programs
		5.6.5	The implementation of change control
	5.7	Compiler parameters
		5.7.1	The parameter fold
		5.7.2	Error modes of compilation
		5.7.3	Alias and usage checking
		5.7.4	Using the separate vector space
	5.8	Creating and using libraries
		5.8.1	Creating libraries
		5.8.2	Using libraries
		5.8.3	Using protocols with separate compilation
		5.8.4	How the library system works
		5.8.5	The library logical names fold
		5.8.6	Library compaction
	5.9	Changing and recompiling libraries
		5.9.1	Change control
		5.9.2	Library dependencies
		5.9.3	Recompiling mixed libraries
		5.9.4	Compacting recompiled libraries
	5.10	The pipeline sorter example
		5.10.1	The 'header.tsr' library fold
		5.10.2	The 'problem.tsr' library fold
		5.10.3	The 'monitor.tsr' library fold
			The keyboard handler
			The screen handler
	5.11	The implementation of occam
		5.11.1	The transputer implementation of occam
		5.11.2	Memory allocation by the compiler
		5.11.3	Implementation of usage checking
			Usage rules
			Checking of non-array elements
			Checking of arrays of variables and channels
			Arrays as procedure parameters
			Abbreviating variables and channels
			Problems with replicators

6	Running programs within the TDS
	6.1	Loading and running an executable program
	6.2	The interface for user programs
	6.3	The channel parameters and their protocols
		6.3.1	The keyboard and screen
		6.3.2	Communicating with the user filer
		6.3.3	The fold manager
		6.3.4	Communicating with the filer
		6.3.5	The kernel channels
	6.4	Memory usage within the TDS
	6.5	The occam input/output procedures
		6.5.1	The input/output models
		6.5.2	TDS terminal and file I/O
		6.5.3	Reading and writing a DOS file
	6.6	The pipeline sorter example
	6.7	Example programs using the I/O libraries
		6.7.1	Keyboard and screen example
		6.7.2	Example showing input from file

7	Configuring programs and loading transputer networks
	7.1	Introduction
	7.2	The transputer configuration and loading utilities
	7.3	The configuration description
	7.4	Configuring a program
	7.5	Connecting a network to the TDS
	7.6	Loading a network
	7.7	Using the transputer network tester
	7.8	Running the pipeline sorter on a target transputer
		7.8.1	Creating a PROGRAM fold
		7.8.2	Monitoring the target with an EXE
		7.8.3	Configuring and running the example
	7.9	Running the pipeline sorter on a four transputer network
		7.9.1	A PROGRAM for four transputers
		7.9.2	The root transputer
		7.9.3	The three other transputers
		7.9.4	Configuration for four transputers

8	Standalone transputer programs
	8.1	Introduction
	8.2	Using the host file server
	8.3	Creating a standalone program
	8.4	The pipeline sorter

9	Debugging
	9.1	Using the debugger
	9.2	Debugger facilities
		9.2.1	Symbolic facilities
		9.2.2	Lower level facilities
	9.3	Debugging a program running on a network of transputers
	9.4	Debugging a program running within the TDS
	9.5	Debugging a standalone program
	9.6	A worked example
		9.6.1	Running the example program
		9.6.2	Creating a core dump
		9.6.3	Using the debugger
		9.6.4	Inspecting variables
		9.6.5	Jumping down channels
		9.6.6	Retrace and Backtrace
		9.6.7	Process Queues
		9.6.8	Display occam
		9.6.9	Read/Write and Finish
		9.6.10	Other options
		9.6.11	More information
	9.7	How the debugger works
		9.7.1	How the debugger accesses the network
		9.7.2	Debugging information generated by the compiler
		9.7.3	How the symbolic facilities work
		9.7.4	Backtracing
		9.7.5	Inspecting variables
		9.7.6	Jumping down channels
		9.7.7	Analysis of deadlock
		9.7.8	occam scope rules

10	EPROM programming
	10.1	Introduction
	10.2	How to create the fold bundle
	10.3	Creating the ROM file
	10.4	Burning the ROM
	10.5	Execution from ROM instead of RAM
	10.6	ROMs which load from a host computer
	10.7	Adding a memory configuration to the EPROM

11	Low level programming
	11.1	Allocation
	11.2	Code insertion
		11.2.1	Using the code insertion mechanism
		11.2.2	Labels and jumps
	11.3	Dynamic code loading
		11.3.1	The call
		11.3.2	Loading parameters
		11.3.3	Examples
		11.3.4	Code format
			Extracted code format
	11.4	Extraordinary use of links
		11.4.1	Clarification of requirements
		11.4.2	Programming concerns
		11.4.3	Input and output procedures
		11.4.4	Recovery from failure
		11.4.5	Example: a development system

The reference manual

12	The development environment
	12.1	Keys
	12.2	Messages
		12.2.1	Development environment messages
		12.2.2	TDS server termination messages

13	Utilities
	13.1	occam program development package
		13.1.1	CHECK
		13.1.2	COMPILATION INFO
			Compilation information
			Configuration information
			Library information
		13.1.3	COMPILE
		13.1.4	Compiler messages
		13.1.5	Library logical name fold errors
		13.1.6	Program errors
		13.1.7	Implementation limits
		13.1.8	Compiler errors
		13.1.9	Configurer error messages
		13.1.10	EXTRACT
		13.1.11	LOAD NETWORK
		13.1.12	MAKE COMMENT
		13.1.13	MAKE FOLDSET
		13.1.14	RECOMPILE
		13.1.15	REPLACE
		13.1.16	SEARCH
	13.2	File handling package
		13.2.1	ATTACH
		13.2.2	COMPACT LIBRARIES
		13.2.3	COPY ATTACH
		13.2.4	COPY IN
		13.2.5	COPY OUT
		13.2.6	DETACH
		13.2.7	READ HOST
		13.2.8	RENAME FILE
		13.2.9	WRITE ENABLE
		13.2.10	WRITE HOST
		13.2.11	WRITE PROTECT

14	Libraries
	14.1	Multiple length integer arithmetic functions
	14.2	Floating point functions
	14.3	IEEE arithmetic functions
	14.4	2D block move library
			MOVE2D 
			DRAW2D 
			CLIP2D 
	14.5	Bit manipulation and CRC library
			BITCOUNT 
			CRCWORD 
			CRCBYTE 
			BITREVNBITS 
			BITREVWORD 
	14.6	Code execution
	14.7	Arithmetic instruction library
	14.8	Single length and double length elementary function library
		14.8.1	Introduction
		14.8.2	Inputs and Outputs
		14.8.3	Accuracy
			Range Reduction
			Generated Error
			Propagated Error
			Test Procedures
		14.8.4	Symmetry
		14.8.5	The Function Specifications
			Terms used in the Specifications
			Specification of Ranges
			Abbreviations 
		14.8.6	ALOG
		14.8.7	ALOG10
		14.8.8	EXP
		14.8.9	POWER
		14.8.10	SIN
		14.8.11	COS
		14.8.12	TAN
		14.8.13	ASIN
		14.8.14	ACOS
		14.8.15	ATAN
		14.8.16	ATAN2
		14.8.17	SINH
		14.8.18	COSH
		14.8.19	TANH
		14.8.20	RAN
	14.9	IMS T414 elementary function library
		14.9.1	ALOG
		14.9.2	ALOG10
		14.9.3	EXP
		14.9.4	POWER
		14.9.5	SIN
		14.9.6	COS
		14.9.7	TAN
		14.9.8	ASIN
		14.9.9	ACOS
		14.9.10	ATAN
		14.9.11	ATAN2
		14.9.12	SINH
		14.9.13	COSH
		14.9.14	TANH
		14.9.15	RAN
	14.10	Basic type i/o conversion library ioconv
	14.11	Extra type i/o conversion library extrio
	14.12	String handling library strings
		14.12.1	Character handling functions
		14.12.2	String comparison functions
		14.12.3	String editing procedures
		14.12.4	String searching functions
		14.12.5	String append functions
	14.13	General purpose i/o procedure library userio
		14.13.1	The simple input and output procedures
			Simple output procedures
			Simple input procedures
			Output to and input from the folded file store
		14.13.2	Simple output
		14.13.3	Control codes to the terminal screen
		14.13.4	Simple input
		14.13.5	Long integers and reals
		14.13.6	Write folded stream
		14.13.7	Read folded stream
	14.14	Interface procedure library interf
	14.15	Block transfer procedure library slice
	14.16	Low level user filer interface support library ufiler
	14.17	TDS server channel support library msdos
	14.18	Byte stream i/o library derivio
	14.19	Afserver low level protocol library afio
	14.20	Afserver command library afiler
	14.21	Afserver protocol interface and multiplexor afinterf
	14.22	Transputer board support library t4board
	14.23	IMS B006 support library t2board
	14.24	Extraordinary link handling library reinit
	14.25	Block CRC library blockcrc

15	Tools
	15.1	Debugger
		15.1.1	Debugging a PROGRAM
			What the debugger does
		15.1.2	Debugging an EXE
			Start up procedure for an EXE
		15.1.3	Debugging an SC
			Start up procedure for an SC
		15.1.4	Symbolic facilities
			Debugging an SC
			Invalid Wdesc
		15.1.5	Monitor page
		15.1.6	Monitor page options
		15.1.7	Hints
			Invalid pointers
			Failure to communicate
			Default addresses
			IF and CASE
			ALT 
			CASE Input
			Deadlocks 
		15.1.8	Creating a core dump file
		15.1.9	occam run time errors
	15.2	Transputer network tester
		15.2.1	What the network tester does
		15.2.2	Using the network test program
			A note on matching
			Limitations of use
		15.2.3	Options available
		15.2.4	Interpretation of loading data
		15.2.5	Description of network
		15.2.6	Error messages
		15.2.7	Testing specifications
		15.2.8	Stages of loading
	15.3	Memory interface program
		15.3.1	Capabilities
		15.3.2	Using the program
		15.3.3	Input
		15.3.4	Output
			Numeric output
			Waveform output
		15.3.5	Storing and retrieving parameters and pages
		15.3.6	Examples
		15.3.7	Caveats
		15.3.8	Error and warning messages
	15.4	EPROM hex program
		15.4.1	Using the program
		15.4.2	What the EPROM hex program does
			Error messages
	15.5	Hex to programmer program
		15.5.1	Using the program
		15.5.2	Adapting the Hex to programmer program

16	System interfaces
	16.1	Terminal interfaces
		16.1.1	Input from the keyboard channel
		16.1.2	Screen stream protocol
			Outputting characters to the screen
			Cursor movement
			Clearing the screen
			Character operations
			Line operations
			Other operations
			Initialising
			Changing the way keyboard input is processed
			Termination claim and release
	16.2	User filer interfaces
		16.2.1	User filer protocol
		16.2.2	Selecting a fold for access
		16.2.3	User filer channels
		16.2.4	User filer modes
		16.2.5	Commands in user filer command mode
			Definitions of uf. commands
			Example showing use of a uf. command
			Opening a fold for reading
			Opening a fold for writing
		16.2.6	Communications in file stream modes
			Introduction to file stream modes
			Syntax of valid sequences of communications
			Data stream modes
			Folded stream modes
			Reading a fold stream from the system sender
			Writing a fold stream to the system receiver
	16.3	Host file server
		16.3.1	Afserver command syntax
		16.3.2	Afserver command line options
		16.3.3	Afserver protocol
			Introduction to the afserver protocol
			Overview of afserver operations
			Server termination operations
			Stream opening operations
			Server information operations
			Operating system support operations
			Stream information operations
			Stream reading and writing operations
			Low level DOS operations
		16.3.4	Afserver error messages
		16.3.5	Summary of afserver protocol
			Basic protocol
			Parameter and result types
			Operations protocol
	16.4	TDS file server
		16.4.1	Server description
		16.4.2	The SERVER command
		16.4.3	Server overview
		16.4.4	Communicating with the server
			Channel multiplexing
			Sequence of communications
		16.4.5	The terminal channels
			Protocol to the terminal
			Protocol from the terminal
			Differences in the server and TDS terminals
		16.4.6	The filer channels
		16.4.7	The kernel channels
		16.4.8	The serial channels
		16.4.9	Summary of TDS server protocol

Appendices

A	Keyboard layouts
	A.1	IBM PC function keys
	A.2	IBM PC keyboard layout
	A.3	NEC PC keyboard layout

B	Summary of standard utilities

C	Names defined by the software

D	System constant definitions
	D.1	MATHVALS
	D.2	USERHDR
	D.3	FILERHDR
	D.4	KRNLHDR
	D.5	USERVALS
	D.6	AFHDR

E	Error numbers
	E.1	File server errors
	E.2	DOS errors
	E.3	Filer errors
	E.4	File streamer errors

F	Fold attributes
	F.1	Fold attributes in the TDS
		F.1.1	Fold type
		F.1.2	Fold contents
		F.1.3	Fold indent
	F.2	Attribute constant values
	F.3	Attributes of common fold types

G	File formats
	G.1	Structure of folded files
	G.2	DOS files produced by the TDS

H	Transputer Instruction support
	H.1	Direct functions
	H.2	Short indirect functions
	H.3	Long indirect functions
	H.4	Additional Instructions for IMS T800

I	Bibliography
	I.1	INMOS publications
	I.2	INMOS technical notes
	I.3	References

J	Glossary

Index

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